|
1. |
Air
Force Research Laboratory, Rome , NY , October, 2000.
Funded by the National Institute of Justice, a three-year
study by the AFRL determined that voice stress analysis
achieved an accuracy rate of 100% when used to detect
stress in 45 known-conclusion responses. |
|
|
|
|
2. |
Cestaro,
V. Department of Defense Polygraph Institute, Ft.
McClellan , AL . "A Comparison Between Decision
Accuracy Rates Obtained Using the Polygraph Instrument and
the Computer Voice Stress Analyzer in the Absence of
Jeopardy", August, 1995. Cestaro reports
that "the lab simulations established that the CVSA
performs electrically according to the manufacturer's
theory of operation" and, even in the absence of jeopardy,
which is a basic requirement in detection of deception,
"These data indicate that there may be a systematic and
predictable relationship between voice patterns and stress
related to deception" |
| |
|
|
3. |
Tippett,
R. Florida Department of Law Enforcement.
"Comparative Analysis Study of the Computer Voice Stress
Analyzer and Polygraph", August, 1994. Both a
polygraph and voice stress examiner, S/A Tippett examined 54
individuals that were convicted sex offenders on probation
and in treatment for their crimes. His conclusions
were: "With these 54 examinations, there was a 100%
agreement between the CVSA and the polygraph. The
number of examinees that were found to be deceptive (DI)
were 35 and the number of examinees found to be not
deceptive (NDI) were 19. As a result of this study, it
appears that the CVSA is as effective as polygraph, which is
the question this study set out to answer". |
| |
|
|
4. |
Ruiz,
Legros, & Guell, 1990. Voice analysis to predict
the psychological or physical state of a speaker.
Published in Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine,
1990. Ruiz et al. reports that their "research
suggests that psychological stress may be detected as
acoustic modifications in the fundamental frequency of a
speakers voice" and "that the fundamental frequency of
the vocal signal is slowly modulated (8-14 Hz) during speech
in an emotionally neutral situation. In situations
demanding increased "mental or psychomotor" activity,
the 8-14 Hz modulation then decreases as the striated
muscles surrounding the vocal cords contract in response to
the arousal, thus limiting the natural trembling"
(Available from Library of Congress). |
| |
|
|
5. |
Chapman,
J., Criminal Justice Department, Corning Community College ,
NY . "The Psychological Stress Evaluator As A Tool
For Eliciting Confessions", 1989. Chapman selected
211 criminal responses at random from 2,109 known-conclusion
responses where voice stress analysis was used to test
suspects. Professor Chapman's study confirmed that
voice stress analysis was accurate when utilized as a truth
verification device and produced a confession rate of 94.8%
of the responses where deception was indicated (Available
from NITV). |
| |
|
|
6. |
Brockway,
B.F., University of Colorado School of Nursing , Denver ,
Colorado . "Situational Stress and Temporal Changes
In Self-Report and Vocal Measurements." Presented to
the annual meeting of the American Association For the
Advancement of Science, February, 1977.
Brockway's study reports that voice stress analysis does
depict predictable and self-reported anxiety (Available from
Library of Congress). |
| |
|
|
7. |
Smith,
G.A. "Voice Analysis For Measurement Of Anxiety."
British Journal of Medical Psychology, 1977.
The author concludes that voice stress analysis is a valid
measure of anxiety (Available from Library of Congress). |
| |
|
|
8. |
Borgen,
L.A. , Goodman, L.I., Parke-Davis Research Laboratories, Ann
Arbor , MI . "Voice Stress Analysis of Anxiolytic
Drug Effects." Results of the study indicated that
voice stress analysis of the verbal responses correlated
well with the other physiological responses to acute stress
(Available from Library of Congress). |
| |
|
|
9. |
Inbar,
G.F., Eden , G. Dept. of Electrical Engineering
Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa , Israel .
"Psychological Stress Evaluators: EMG Correlation With
Voice Tremor" published in Biology of Cybernetics,
1976. Inbar and Eden were able to independently verify
the existence of the 8-14 Hertz "micro-tremor" and to
trace its origins to the central nervous system (Available
from Library of Congress). |
| |
|
|
10. |
Wiggins,
S.L., McCranie, M.L., and Bailey, P. Department of
Psychiatry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia .
"Assessment of Voice Stress In Children". Published in
the Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders, 1975.
The authors concluded that "audio stress can be detected
with a voice stress analyzer in psychiatric patients during
the course of therapy and that the VSA could serve as a
useful tool for this purpose" (Available from Library of
Congress). |
| |
|
|
11. |
Heisse,
J. "Is The Micro-Tremor Usable? - The Micro-Muscle
Tremor In The Voice." U.S. House Subcommittee of
the Committee on Government Operations, 1974.
Heisse analyzed 91 known-conclusion criminal responses
utilizing voice stress analysis and determined that "Audio
stress analysis seems to be valid in detecting changes in
various psycho physiological parameters so that a trained
examiner utilizing standard techniques can evaluate these
changes and thus utilize the instrument in truth and
deception" (Available from Library of Congress). |
| |
|
|
12. |
Brenner,
M. "Stage Fright and Steven's Law." Dept.
of Psychology , Ohio State University, presented at the
convention of the Eastern Psychological Association,
April, 1974. Brenner, utilizing a voice stress
analyzer, established that the frequency of vocal stress
increased as a function of audience size (Available from
Library of Congress). |
| |
|
|
13. |
Lippold,
O. "Oscillations In The Stretch Reflex Arc And The
Origin Of The Rhythmical 8-12 C/S Component Of The
Physiological Tremor." The Journal Of Physiology,
February, 1970. Lippold first discovers the
physiological tremor in the human voice in the 8-12 Hz range
(Available from Library of Congress). |
| |
|
|
14. |
Lippold,
O., Redfearn, J., Vuco, R. "The Rhythmical Activity
Of Groups Of Muscle Units In The Voluntary Contraction Of
Muscle." The Journal Of Physiology, August,
1957. Lippold, Redfearn and Vuco begin exploring the
correlation between muscle activity and stress (Available
from Library of Congress). |
| |
|
|
